R. Magnusson
Resonant Sensors Incorporated,
United States
Keywords: guided-mode resonance effect, photonic lattice, metamaterials, GMR sensors, metasurfaces, label-free biosensors
Summary:
Economic optical sensors are essential in various high-value sectors, such as medical diagnostics, biomarker discovery, drug development, food safety, industrial process control, and environmental monitoring. Here, we address the underlying principles, fabrication methods, and key functional aspects of a highly efficient sensor modality based on optical resonance effects. The guided-mode resonance (GMR) sensor operates via quasi-guided, or leaky, waveguide modes that are induced in purely dielectric, lossless, periodic layers by light. These resonances are achieved through one- or two-dimensional nanopatterns that can be reliably and cost-effectively produced in large formats, making the method commercially feasible. The GMR biosensor was first invented and demonstrated experimentally over 20 years ago, and since then, the technology has seen continuous global development and innovation, reflected in ever increasing number of publications. Label-free photonic GMR sensors are resistant to electromagnetic interference and allow for effective light input and output, essential for creating compact sensor architectures. These sensors are economically advantageous due to their minimal material requirements, straightforward manufacturing processes, and simple interrogation using unpolarized light. Multiparametric detection is enabled via the plurality of resonance modes that are available by design. The presentation covers the fundamentals of resonance sensors, the various technological implementations of this sensor class, and highlights practical applications, such as Covid-19 diagnostics.